Comparative essay between England and Brazil Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Comparative between England and Brazil - Essay Example Brazil consists of 27 federal units, 26 states, and one federal state (Levine 145-148). Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world and accounts for one third of the world population. It has an area of 8511965 sq km covering nearly half of South America with its capital being Brasilia. It was named after the dye-wood found there. It borders every nation of the continent except Chile and Ecuador. Brazil is divided into plateaus in the south and the Amazon River basin to the north. According to Fausto (76) analyzed and found out that a study done on 2011 reported that Brazil has a population of 205,716,890 people. Brazil has its main cities as; Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, Belo Horizonte, Recife, and Porto Alegre. Brazil is the only Latin American country that derives its culture and language from Portugal. Brazil was one of the only three modern states in the Americas to have its own indigenous monarchy for a period of almost 90 years. (Meade 90-93). Portugal earnestly tr ied to re-impose colonial rule but Brazil was declared independent on 7th September 1822 by the prince thus becoming Pedro I the Emperor of Brazil (Viotti da Costa 52). The nation was ruled by a series of military dictatorships until a revolt that allowed for a gradual return to stability under the civilian presidents (Meade 132). In 1964 to 1984 the military governments strongly encouraged foreign so as to encourage economic growth. After the military coup in 1964, Brazil was ruled by the military again for several years. In 1985 the first civilian president Neves was elected since 1964 bringing a nationwide wave of optimism. Color became the president after winning the 1989 elections but he was impeached by the congress because of corruption scandal and later resigned (Viotti da Costa 112-113). According to Fausto (158-160) asserts that in January 1999 the Asian economic crisis spread to Brazil and the economy remained sluggish throughout to 2001. Dilma Rouseff was elected as pres ident and assumed office in 1st January 2011 and is the sitting president up to date. Background history of England England is the most populous nation of the United Kingdom. It accounts for 84 percent of the combined total population. It has 54 million people and its inhabitants are English or British people. Some genetic evidence shows that the 75%-95% have descended in the paternal line from the prehistoric settlers who were originally from Iberian Peninsula. The spoken language is English. The most widely spread religion is Christianity and as per today 59% of the population identify Christianity (Raumer 67-68). The former capital of England was Winchester until it was replaced by London in 1066. Currently, London is the largest metropolitan area in the UK and also the largest urban zone in the European Union region. During the reign of Emperor Claudius, the Romans invaded Britain in AD 43 subsequently conquering much of Britain the area being incorporated into the Roman Empire as the Britannia (Eccleshare 265-270). The basic political system in England is a parliamentary system and a constitutional monarchy. Before the joining of Scotland and English to form the Kingdom of Great Britain, it was ruled by the monarch and the parliament of England. In the UK 2010 general elections the Conservative Party won the absolute majority in 532 contested seats, 61 more seats more than all the other parties combined. According to Eccleshare (45) argues

Creating an Effective Group Therapy Environment for Adults Essay

Group therapy is an important method that is commonly used by psychiatric professionals in the treatment of many types of mental illnesses. They consist of three or more people and are targeted at promoting psychological development and change. There are three different types of groups. The task group works by using tasks, such as activities and techniques, designed to help clients work toward desired goals. In addition, midrange groups work by allowing clients to share their thoughts and feelings with others who have learned to cope with similar problems over a longer period of time. Lastly, process groups work by allowing clients to work on their communicating patterns, skills and methods (Fortinash & Holoday Worrett, 2008). Task groups consist of activity therapies, which include occupational, psychodrama, music, dance, and art. These activities are used to allow clients to safely express themselves in a positive and constructive manner. They also promote social skills, and are led by occupational and art therapists (Montgomery, 2002). Midrange groups include educational, problem-solving and support groups. They include anger management, AA (Alcoholics Anonymous), NA (Narcotics Anonymous), and cognitive-behavioral groups. These groups allow clients to surround themselves with others, who are dealing with similar issues and are supportive of one another. This prevents the client a sense of loneliness when dealing with their struggles and allows them to openly express themselves. Another type of midrange group called psychoeducational, works by allowing newly diagnosed clients to gain knowledge and effective coping skills. These skills are obtained by working with others who have prior knowledge of similar issues or experi... ...Leadership, Concepts, and Techniques. Web. 20 March 2015 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64211/ Fortinash, K.M. & Holoday Worrett, P.A. (2008). Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing (4th edition). St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby. Leszcz, M. & Kobos, J.C. (2007). PRACTICE GUIDELINES FOR GROUP. Web. 20 March 2015 http://www.agpa.org/guidelines/AGPA%20Practice%20Guidelines%202007-PDF.pdf Montgomery, C. (2002). Role of dynamic group therapy in psychiatry. Web. 20 March 2015 http://apt.rcpsych.org/content/8/1/34.full.pdf+html Toseland, R.W. & Rivas, R.F. (2005). AN INTRODUCTION TO GROUP WORK PRACTICE, (5th edition). Web. 20 March 2015 http://vig.pearsonptr.com:8081/samplechapter/0205376061.pdf Wise, J.E. (2009). Book essays and reviews. Psychodynamic group psychotherapy, fourth edition. Psychiatry: Interpersonal & Biological Processes, 72(3), 299-302.

High School Graduation Essay

Throughout life people go through so many hardships. Whether it be good or bad there is always something that comes out of the situation. One of the most exciting but yet scariest events would be graduation. So it was the day before graduation and we were having our graduation practice. Standing outside in the line alphabetical order me and classmates talked and waited for practice to start. The sun was beating down, the smell of fresh cut grass filled out our nose. We were all just ready to get it over with. Sitting talking with my classmates discussing our future plans. Debating whether or not we will miss high school, but knowing we will definitely miss each other. So finally it came to practice walking across the stage, so the assistant principle called my name and shook my hand and handed me my mini diploma. Then it finally hit me like a speeding express train, I was about to graduate. May 18th 2012, finally it was here the day of my commencement. I can almost remember that day like it was yesterday, I awoke like on any other school day. That day was crazy, I was running errands and preparing for my graduation and after party. So the time had come for me to put on my blue and gold cap and gown with my gold cords which I had worked so hard for. I had so much sense of pride at the moment all I needed was my diploma in my hand. So the final moment had come and it was time to walk the field. The music stared and we proceeded to walk down the field to our seats. Glancing out at the packed stands I could see my family and friends. While waiting for my name to be called, I reminisced on all the good times I’ve had in high school and all the friendships I’ve made. Finally my row was directed to get up and proceed to the stage and my heart was racing. Thinking it was finally over, no more high school. I hear my name called and I hear all of my family and friends screaming and clapping for me and it made everything I had done to achieve the diploma my principle handed me after shaking my hand. As I was walking back to my seat with my diploma I was envisioning that I had just closed one chapter to my life and I was excited to embark or my next journey. Graduation is an exciting time in a person’s life, especially a high school graduation. When I think of family and friends gathering together to celebrate a joyous occasion, I feel I accomplished my strongest goal. It never occurred to me that graduation would be the end of my youth and the start of adulthood. Graduating from high school was an influential event that gave me a new outlook on life.

Definition of Sfumato Art History Glossary

Sfumato (pronounced sfoo ·mah ·toe) is the word art historians use to describe a painting technique taken to dizzying heights by the Italian Renaissance polymath Leonardo da Vinci. The visual result of the technique is that there are no harsh outlines present (as in a coloring book). Instead, areas of dark and light blend into one another through miniscule brushstrokes, making for a rather hazy, albeit more realistic, depiction of light and color. The word sfumato means shaded, and it is the past participle of the Italian verb sfumare or shade. Fumare means smoke in Italian, and the combination of smoke and shade perfectly describes the barely perceptible gradation of tones and colors of the technique from light to dark, particularly used in flesh tones. An early, wonderful example of sfumato can be seen in Leonardos Mona Lisa. Inventing the Technique According to the art historian Giorgio Vasari (1511–1574), the technique was first invented by the Primitive Flemish school, including perhaps Jan Van Eyck and Rogier Van Der Weyden. Da Vincis first work incorporating sfumato is known as the Madonna of the Rocks, a triptych designed for the chapel in San Francesco Grande, painted between 1483 and 1485. Madonna of the Rocks was commissioned by the Franciscan Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception which, at the time, was still the object of some controversy. The Franciscans believed that the Virgin Mary was conceived immaculately (without sex); the Dominicans argued that would deny the need for Christs universal redemption of mankind. The contracted painting needed to show Mary as crowned in the living light and free from shadow, reflecting the plenitude of grace while humanity functioned in the orbit of the shadow. The final painting included a cave backdrop, which art historian Edward Olszewski says helped to define and signify Marys immaculacy—expressed by the sfumato technique applied to her face as emerging from the shadow of sin. Layers and Layers of Glazes Art historians have suggested that the technique was created by the careful application of multiple translucent layers of paint layers. In 2008, physicists Mady Elias and Pascal Cotte used a spectral technique to (virtually) strip away the thick layer of varnish from the Mona Lisa. Using a multi-spectral camera, they found that the sfumato effect was created by layers of a single pigment combining 1 percent vermillion and 99 percent lead white. Quantitative research was conducted by de Viguerie and colleagues (2010) using non-invasive advanced X-ray fluorescence spectrometry on nine faces painted by or attributed to da Vinci. Their results suggest that he constantly revised and improved the technique, culminating in the Mona Lisa. In his later paintings, da Vinci developed translucent glazes from an organic medium and laid them on the canvases in very thin films, some of which were only a micron (.00004 inches) in scale. Direct optical microscopy has shown that da Vinci achieved flesh tones by superimposing four layers: a priming layer of lead white; a pink layer of mixed lead white, vermillion, and earth; a shadow layer made with a translucent glaze with some opaque paint with dark pigments; and a varnish.  The thickness of each colored layer was found to range between 10-50 microns. A Patient Art The de Viguerie study identified those glazes on the faces of four of Leonardos paintings: Mona Lisa, Saint John the Baptist, Bacchus, and Saint Anne, the Virgin, and the Child. Glaze thicknesses increase on the faces from a few micrometers in the light areas to 30–55 microns in the dark areas, which are made of up to 20–30 distinct layers. The thickness of the paint on da Vincis canvases—not counting the varnish—is never more than 80 microns. That on St. John the Baptist is under 50. But those layers must have been laid down in a slow and deliberate fashion. The drying time between layers may have lasted from several days to several months, depending on the amount of resin and oil that was used in the glaze. That might well explain why da Vincis Mona Lisa took four years, and it was still not completed at da Vincis death in 1915. Sources: de Viguerie L, Walter P, Laval E, Mottin B, and Solà © VA. 2010. Revealing the sfumato Technique of Leonardo da Vinci by X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 49(35):6125-6128.Elias M, and Cotte P. 2008. Multispectral camera and radiative transfer equation used to depict Leonardos sfumato in Mona Lisa. Applied Optics 47(12):2146-2154.Olszewski EJ. 2011. How Leonardo invented sfumato. Source: Notes in the History of Art 31(1):4-9.Queiros-Conde D. 2004. The Turbulent Structure of Sfumato within Mona Lisa. Leonardo 37(3):223-228.