Strategy Planning Strategic Planning - 1543 Words

a) What do you understand by the term â€Å"strategic Planning† Strategic planning is a process that implement by an organization/corporation to develop a plan to achieve its objectives of its overall long-term organizational goals. In marketing, strategic planning is to anticipate the possible outcome and determine the best method to achieve organizational objectives. In order to achieve organizational objectives, an organization has to plan its strategy and direction as well as decide on allocating its resources to carry out this strategy. Strategy planning also aims to control mechanism for leading the implementation of the strategy. Strategy planning plays an important role in corporation and it considers as an important aspect of strategic management. It is an organization’s procedure of framing its methodology in order to manage the execution of the technique. In business management, strategic planning is executed by vital organizers or strategists. In their analysis, the strategists involve several parties and sources of research to analyse the market environment of the organization. By conducting strategic planning, the strategists able to examine the relationship to the nature in which it competes. On the other hand, technique that proposed by the strategist includes designate objectives, make decision on activities planning to accomplish the objectives as well as provide assets to execute the activities. In order to accomplish the objectives in a system, theShow MoreRelatedStrategic Planning And Strategy Formulation1360 Words   |  6 PagesIt should be recognized that all or most strategies have their own value and limitations. One of the foremost scholars and proponents of strategic planning is, again, scholar Michael Porter. As discussed above, his ‘five forces’ analysis is widely adopted in organizations and in academics. In academics his work usually appears in chapters on external analysis. While his work on the concept of the ‘value chain’ certainly focuses internally, I will be considering the overall contribution of Porter’sRead MoreStrategy Formulation and Strategic Planning1185 Words   |  5 PagesThe Mission, Vision and Values of a company play a Fundamental role in Strategy Formulation and Strategic planning. We will discuss throughout this assignment, how developing effective mission, vision and values can help shape, develop and guide a firms Strategic choices. They reflect the firms fundamental core ideology. At the most basic level a mission statement can describe the firms overall purpose for being. It provides an inside to the present business scope and purpose of the firm that isRead MoreStrategic Planning And Planning For An Multinational Corporate Boardrooms Discuss Planned Strategies, Organizational Actions, And Integrated Implementation Essay1944 Words   |  8 PagesMention strategic planning and people envision multinational corporate boardrooms discussing planned strategies, organizational actions, and integrated implementation schedules to spearhead billion-dollar endeavors across the globe. And on the whole, that mental depiction validates plenty of scenarios as part of a larger strateg ic planning process. Essentially, the plan represents one critical component of a comprehensive [strategic planning] process seeking to attain acknowledged goals throughRead MoreFormulation Of Strategic Planning Model And Michael Porter s Generic Strategies Model1070 Words   |  5 PagesFormulation of Strategic Plans (First Name, Middle Name, Last Name) Department College Formulation of Strategic Plans Put more simply, a strategy is a guide or a road map that enable an organization to move from a present state of affairs to a more desired state in the future. It not only lays the foundation from which many decisions are made, but also act as a tool with which courses of action and long-range future plans are constructed. According to Schermerhorn (2013), a Strategy enablesRead MoreStrategy Planning For A Strategic Planning925 Words   |  4 PagesStrategy formulation is the first part of an organization’s strategic planning process. It involves multiple steps from environmental analysis, to measuring performance, to deciding on the best course of action for an organization. Strategy formulation also takes up most of the time in the strategic planning process since it’s crucial to get the plan right before actually implementing the plan. If you fail to plan, then you plan to fail. When working on a strategic plan, an organization needs toRead MoreMarketing Strategic Planning : Marketing Strategy1042 Words   |  5 Pages2.4 MARKETING STRATEGIC PLANNING PROCESS Marketing strategic planning is a management tool to help the organization does better work and understand how to compete for the future. It is a guiding process for the members of an organization developing them necessary procedures and operations in the future. Like a decisions strategy for the organization process, as the process of growing and maintaining a strategic fit between target of organization and capability and it’s changing marketing opportunitiesRead MoreStrategic Planning Within Ge927 Words   |  4 PagesThe strategic planning process is the formulation of the company’s major objectives and execution plans. This process is of particular interest in GE. Strategy formulation is the process of choosing the best methods for a company where customer needs; competitive position and internal capability are the three factors that play the main role in strategic planning. Every manager needs to have at least a simple notion of strategic planning to formulate his strategic plans. Strategic Planning is a wideRead MoreStrategic Planning : Strategic And Operational Planning889 Words   |  4 Pagesmajor types of planning used by organizations to achieve goals are strategic and operational planning. Goal setting is imperative to organizational growth, but without planning those goals may not be attainable. Top-level managers, as well as frontline lower level managers must work together if they want their organization to succeed. As stated by Cascella, (2002) â€Å"most business leaders recognize the importance of strategic planning, but few succeed in translating their strategies into business results†(CascellaRead MoreStrategy without action is only a daydream, but action without strategy is a nightmare Discuss the benefits of formal corporate planning in directing organisational action1588 Words   |  7 PagesIS STRATEGIC CORPORATE PLANNING RELEVANT IN THE 21ST CENTURY? This essay will discuss the benefits of corporate strategic planning. Firstly, we will look at what strategy is, and why strategic planning is important to an organisation. Secondly, what types of strategic models are used for planning, and finally given that organisations are increasingly complex and market dynamics are constantly changing is there a need for strategic corporate planning in the 21st century. It is hard to get a properRead MoreHCS 589 week 1 Strategic Planning Report paper DAB1562 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Strategic Planning Report Diedre Brown HCS 589 April 6, 2015 Deborah Laughon Strategic Planning Report A strategic planning report is to explain how the use of the tool will benefit an organization in the health care industry. Discussed in the report address what the strategic planning development and implementation process is and to address why it helps organizations be successful. Mr. Janowski, I am responding to you request to receive information on how the use of strategic management

Child Maltreatment And Its Effects On Children - 1373 Words

Memory is the blueprint of an individual’s development and growth. Repeated experiences of things taken granted – such as learning to walk and learning to speak and write to express oneself – become encoded to ensure a smooth flow of information that help us adapt to the environment. However, children’s exposure to environmental stressors, depending on the exposure frequency and intensity, may impair the normal development of memory in children. This paper will evaluate the role of child maltreatment (physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, and neglect) in the changes of memory function. We will first explore maltreatment’s effect on the physiological changes that occur in the primary brain structures that are involved in the development and functions of memory. Next, we will examine the differences in memory among maltreated and non-maltreated children in various types of memory, including working memory, autobiographical memory, and episodic memory . Finally, we will discuss possible treatments that exist to improve the memory functioning of child survivors of maltreatment. The threatening and stressful nature of maltreatment during childhood alters the physiological makeup in the brain, particularly the neural mechanisms related to memory processing and storage (Cicchetti, Rogosch, Howe, Toth, 2010). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2016) define child maltreatment as an act or series of acts by a primary caregiver that results in harm to a child, and itShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Child Maltreatment On Children1582 Words   |  7 Pagesnegative effects that child maltreatment has on a child throughout their childhood and their life. Child maltreatment is defined as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2007). Child maltreatment includes physical, sexual, and psychological abuse, as well as neglect and failure to supervise (Franks, Miller, Schelble, 2010). Children who areRead MoreChild Maltreatment And Its Effects On Children Essay1327 Words   |  6 Pages Child Maltreatment Faith A. Hopper Columbia College HUMS 390 Child Maltreatment In the beginning of this course, maltreatment meant getting hit in areas of your body besides your buttocks. But as this class progressed through this class it gets much deeper than that. According to the New York Office of Child and Family Services, maltreatment is defined as the quality of care a child is receiving from those responsible for him/her. When a parent or individual who is legally responsibleRead MoreChild Maltreatment And Its Effects On Children3861 Words   |  16 PagesIntroduction Of all the reported American child maltreatment in 2013, 79.5% of victims experienced neglect, more than four times the victims that were physically abused (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2013). Neglect is one of the most common forms of child maltreatment and public awareness of this problem was raised in the 1960s by the work of C. Henry Page 1 of 1Kempe which described the battered-child syndrome. It was only then that child maltreatment was regarded as a serious social problemRead MoreChild Maltreatment And Its Effects On Children2157 Words   |  9 PagesChild Maltreatment Maltreatment is a sever form of parental abuse that could really take a toll on a developing child. Children should be treated with the utmost care because they are developing and growing physically, physiologically, and emotionally everyday for starters. It has always been a known staple that children need to get enough sleep, eat their vegetables, along with a healthy diet, and follow and healthy regimen in order to reach full healthy potential. Malnourishment effectsRead MoreEffects Of Child Maltreatment On Children859 Words   |  4 PagesConsequences of Child Maltreatment The maltreatment of children within the United States is an unfortunate but evident issue that presents some very detrimental consequences for the victims. Victims of child maltreatment typically suffer from both short-term and long-term consequences, resulting from the negligence of their parents. Across the nation techniques and measures have been taken in order to prevent the advancement of child abuse within high-risk homes, although despite these efforts sometimesRead MoreChild Maltreatment And Its Effect On Children Essay1469 Words   |  6 Pagesthere is a high chance that we will read another horror story about a maltreated child. It seems as long as bad people are in this world, abuse and neglect will always exist. While statistics show that maltreatment cases have decreased, we wonder if that really is the case. Many people feel that both the police and programs created to protect children have failed. Although, we might not be able to stop maltreatment altogether, there is still room for improvement to prevent it with education and enforcingRead MoreChild Maltreatment And Its Effects On Children Essay1464 Words   |  6 PagesChild maltreatment is an issue that most social workers will face throughout their career. Although there are many causes to a child being neglected, sexually or physically abused; studies have shown that poverty is in many cases linked to child maltreatment. There are currently 488 counties in America where twenty percent of the population has lived below the poverty line for the past thirty years or more (Clyburn, 2014). Studies have shown that poverty is linked to child abuse and neglect. WithRead MoreChild Maltreatment And Its Effects On Children1640 Words   |  7 Pagestragic than others and starts earlier than others. Children in particular are vulnerable to these tragic events because they are unable to properly defend themselves, depending on their size and communication ability. Child abuse and neglect are problems that are happening to children all across the world. David Pelzer, author of the autobiographic book A Child Called It, was an American child who experienced child abuse and is still feelings its effects to this very day. His mother committed audaciousRead MoreChild Maltreatment And Its Effects On Children2029 Words   |  9 Pages Abstract Child Abuse and Neglect continue to be a serious pediatric and social threat to the nation’s children. Child maltreatment is more than bruises and broken bones. While physical abuse may be the most noticeable, other types of abuse, such as emotional and sexual abuses, leave deep, lasting scars. Child Maltreatment includes significant negative experiences with long-lasting effects. These childhood experiences cause detrimental, long lasting effects during cognitive, behavioral, and emotionalRead MoreChild Maltreatment And Its Effects On Children With Disabilities981 Words   |  4 PagesChild Maltreatment Child maltreatment is implicated as a risk factor in many disorders, ranging from externalizing such as conduct disorder to internalizing such as anxiety or depression. In the text, they propose a question as to the timing of abuse. Does the abuse come as a reaction of the parents because the child is difficult to manage? Or does difficult behavior such result from the abuse? Research has shown that children that may be harder to manage such as disabilities are at higher risk

What do you consider are the essential attributes of an interviewer and why Free Essays

Countless interviews are carried out each year by interviewers with the view to eliciting information from interviewees or assessing their suitability for job positions. The duration and cost involved in carrying out these interviews vary greatly (Lamb, Hair and McDaniel, 2000). These interviews are conducted in person or face to face, over the telephone and by email (Evans, Moutinho and Van Raaij, 1996). We will write a custom essay sample on What do you consider are the essential attributes of an interviewer and why? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The ability of these interviews to achieve their desired objectives to a large extent depends on the interviewers employed. Interviewers with excellent attributes for interviewing are able to achieve the objectives they set for themselves, whereas their counterparts without them often fail to reach conclusive outcomes. By the nature of the work, interviewers need to have genuine interest in people, their behaviours, emotions, lifestyles, passions and opinions (McDaniel and Gates, 1999). Without these attributes, interviewers cannot effectively interact with their interviewees. And without effective interaction, it would be difficult for an interviewer to elicit information from the interviewee or to assess them properly. It is therefore essential for interviewers to have people’s skills, if they hope to be successful at interviewing. They also need to sharpen their interpersonal or interactive skills (Lewis, 1989; Hayden, 1991). A study carried out in Australia has revealed that irrespective of the background of interviewers, those who are relaxed, empathetic and warm in nature tend to be more effective than those without these attributes (Wright and Powell, 2007). The same study further established that these attributes were more important than knowledge of legislation, prior job experience, and interviewing techniques. These findings should not be surprising since these attributes enable the interviewer to draw needed information easily from their interviewees. Papadopoulou, Ineson and Williams (1996) also reported that the degree of empathy shown by the interviewer affected the perceptions of the interviewee. The study of Papadopoulou and colleagues also established that the overall satisfaction of interviewee with the interview was a function of the empathetic behaviour of the interviewer. Interviewers need also to possess excellent communication skills. Interviewing is all about communication. Therefore, the ability of an interviewer to express himself in clear terms greatly helps during the interviewing process. When questions are clearly posed, the interviewee is able to understand and respond to them accordingly. On the other hand, if the interviewer is unable to communicate clearly to the interviewee, it unduly drags the interview and elicitation of answers to questions posed becomes difficult. Through the art of communication, the interviewer should be able to gain the cooperation of the interviewee or respondent. Without such cooperation, it would be difficult for the interviewer to make any meaningful headway during the interview. Gaining the cooperation of the interviewee or respondent itself is an art the interviewer must learn. Another essential attribute an interviewer should possess is the ability to listen (Ross and Kimball, 2007). Good listening skills are needed to be able to take in new information. Interviewers with good listening skills make excellent interviewers. Communication is a two way process. To be a successful communicator, one must not only possess the ability to send a message across to another person, but also be able to listen to the feedback received (Van der Zouwen and Smit, 2005). Interviewers with good listening skills are able to hear what is being said and to identify what is not being said (McDaniel and Gates, 1999). From this process, interviewers are able to pose the right type of questions likely to elicit the information most needed. Listening skills are therefore a vital attribute any serious-minded interviewer should possess. With good listening skills, interviewers would be able to hear and understand what interviewees are trying to communicate to them and respond appropriately. Unfortunately, the acquisition of listening skills does not come easily, so an interviewer should be prepared to spend time in acquiring them. For interviewers to be successful at interviewing they must be deeply knowledgeable in the subject matter they are handling. They should invest the time to adequately prepare themselves for the interview. That way, they would be equipped to ask simple and straight forward questions likely to draw the required information from their interviewees. Also, interviewers would be better positioned to assess their interviewees if they prepare themselves for the occasion. Good knowledge of the subject matter by interviewers helps them from being side-tracked in the course of the interview. Interviewers are also able to pan out what is essential information from what is not if they possess adequate knowledge about the subject matter under discussion. The desire to be curious and yet not too smart is an enduring attribute any prospective interviewer should possess (Ross and Kimball, 2007). Such an attribute helps in the preparation for the occasion and also in probing issues to elicit information from interviewees. Interviewers should have interest in a wide range of topics. They should also have the ability to immerse themselves in a topic and acquire the necessary knowledge and language quickly (McDaniel and Gates, 1999). Other essential attributes of interviewers are consistency and discipline (Barclay, 2001). Interviewers sometimes use a guide to direct the discussion or conversation during the interview. The possession of these attributes enables the interviewer to keep the conversation on track, no matter how distracted the interviewee attempts to drive it. It is not uncommon to find interviewees attempting to sway the conversation from the path envisioned by the interviewer. On such occasions, it takes the attribute of consistency on the part of the interviewer to keep the interview on track. Without the attribute of consistency, an interview can drag on for hours without any meaningful outcome being arrived at. Mention has already been made about the importance of prior preparation by the interviewer. This enables a discussion guide to be prepared or where a guide has been given, to be thoroughly studied by the interviewer. Without personal discipline, preparation for interviews would be difficult for the interviewer. The consequences of poor or no preparation on the outcome of an interview have also been stressed. It is therefore incumbent on interviewers to cultivate the habit of preparing before the interview. Interviewers must develop strong work ethics. Individual creativity is another essential attribute needed by interviewers. Often interviewers undertake their tasks without procedures, guides and criteria. Even where such criteria, procedures and guides are provided, the outcome of the conversation in some cases may demand a creative input without altering the guide being used. Without such creative inputs, the interview becomes dry and unrevealing. In extreme cases, the interviewee may even become bored in the process. Creative skills therefore need to be cultivated by interviewers to enable them put life into the interview. Interviewers need to possess good observation skills. This attribute would enable them to interpret accurately body language. Furthermore, these skills would give them the ability to see in detail what is happening and steer the course of the interview accordingly. When the interviewer is able to accurately observe and interpret the turn of events, he is better positioned to tailor his questions to draw information from the interviewee. Without good observation skills, the interviewer may stick rigidly to the interviewing guide when the turn of events demand that some creative changes be introduced to save the interview. Interviewers also need to be objective. This attribute would enable them to set aside their personal ideas and feelings and remain open to ideas and feelings of others. Objectivity on the part of the interviewer enables the wider interest of the interview to be placed higher above personal ideas, interests, whims and caprices. At the end of the day, what the interviewer seeks would be what would enable the goals of the interview to be achieved. Interviewers should also have the ability to have a flexible outlook on the turn of events. This would enable them to allow interesting digressions. As it has already been pointed out, it is not always that the interview would stay on course as planned. Unexpected developments may occur. However, if the interviewer is flexible, he would be able to steer the interview on course. The ability of flexibility enables useful information to be panned out of unplanned developments or unintended digressions. It needs to be stressed that bringing digressing interviews into focus is sometimes not easy. A great deal of skill is required to keep an interview in on course. For example, unintended digressions call for the interviewer to think on his feet and make fast decisions. He should also have the ability to live with uncertainty. Interviewers also need to be patient. It is not uncommon for negative emotions to be expressed by interviewees, especially when the information being sought from them is considered to be sensitive. In such instances, if the negative emotions are met by the interviewer with similar ones, it is likely to disrupt the interview. On the other hand, if the interviewer keeps his cool and patiently keeps the interview on course, it is likely that a more productive outcome would be achieved. It takes a great of patience to tolerate negative emotions and also new information that is not consistent with what one espouses. Interviewers also need to accept and appreciate the differences in people, especially those whose lives greatly differ from their own. McDaniel and Gates (1999) call this attribute an â€Å"unconditional positive regard†. Interviewees differ remarkably in their upbringing, thought patterns, values and norms. These differences need to be taken into account when people are being interviewed. Having an unconditional positive regard would enable interviewers listen intently to their interviewees, irrespective of their background and are able to learn new information from them. Interviewers should be good record keepers. This would enable them to recall information easily in the course of an interview. Being able to recall information, positions the interviewer better to follow the conversation or discussion and to ask intelligent questions. On the hand, interviewers who are easily forgetful are unlikely to be successful at interviewing. This is because they cannot trade information well. Interviewers also need to be polite to their respondents. When interviewers show politeness to their respondents it keeps the door open for them to be contacted once again if it becomes necessary in future. Interviewers should thank respondents for their time after the interview. How to cite What do you consider are the essential attributes of an interviewer and why?, Papers

Examination of the Slave Experience free essay sample

Examination Of The Slave Experience Examination of the Slave Experience Most African Americans of the early to mid-nineteenth century experienced slavery on plantations similar to the experiences described by Frederick Douglass; the majority of slaves lived on units owned by planters who had twenty or more slaves. The planters and the white masters of these agrarian communities sought to ensure their personal safety and the profitability of their enterprises by using all the tactics-physical and psychological-at their command to make slaves obedient.Even Christianity was manipulated in a way that masters communicated to their laves that God had commanded them to obey their masters. Hence, by word and deed whites tried to convince blacks that they had been ordained superior thus affording them the right to rule over blacks. However, it is a great tribute to the extraordinary resourcefulness and spirit of African Americans that most of them resisted these pressures and managed to retai n an inner sense of their own individuality and worth. Still, the reason why African Americans were able to maintain a sense of individuality and worth remains disputed. Only a tiny fraction of all slaves ever took part in organized acts of violent resistance against white power. Most realized as Frederick Douglass did that the odds against a successful revolt were very high, and bitter experience had shown them that the usual outcome was death to the rebels. Consequently, they devised sublime, safer and more ingenious ways to resist white dominance. For Frederick Douglass, it was clear that his way of fighting the power was to become educated so that he may better understand his predicament and the wrongfulness of slavery.However, he described that knowing that: Witt[was] the pathway from slavery to freedom. (peg. 8) Crediting] enabled me to utter my thoughts, and to meet the arguments brought forward to sustain slavery; but while [it] relieved me of one difficulty, [it] brought on another even more painful than the one of which I was relieved. The more I read the more I was led to abhor and detest my enslavers. (peg. 61) The knowledge which Frederick Douglass gained, did not free him from his horrible situation, but rather compounded his discontent as a slave.It is hard to determine how other slaves were able to maintain a sense of individuality and worth, despite not having the opportunity or possess the resourcefulness to obtain the knowledge of Frederick Douglass. Nevertheless, most slaves had established and participated in a subculture separate from any other in the United States at that time. One might argue that it was from the realm of this subculture and fundamental beliefs, derived from the horrible experiences of slavery, that provided African Americans the strength necessary to hold their heads high and kick beyond their immediate condition.Religion was the essence of the newly emerging African American subculture. Borrowed from the fiery revivalism of white participants of the first Great Awakening and their own African religions, slaves created their own version of Christianity. Miraculously, they broke away from the teachings that their white masters had bestowed upon them, which taught them that blacks were commanded by God to obey their superior white masters. Instead they developed beliefs that they were not inferior, but were created equally in the eyes of God, and thus deserved equality.Their new religion stressed fellowship, brotherly love, equality, and salvation from slavery. Frederick Douglass observations of some of the songs sung at church and in the fields are as follows: They [the ones] told a tale of woe which was then altogether beyond my feeble comprehension; they were tones loud, long and deep; they breathed the prayer and complaint of souls boiling over with the bitterest anguish. Every tone was a testimony against slavery, and a prayer to God for deliverance from chains. (peg. 47) The true religion was practiced at night, often secretly, and was led by black preachers.The underground slave religion was a highly emotional affair that consisted of singing, shouting, and dancing. For Frederick Douglass and all other slaves, the singing of songs and religion were ore Of an affirmation Of the joy in life rather than a rejection of worldly pleasures and temptations. They spoke out against the perils of bondage and asserted their right to be free. Despite the success of African Americans to develop a subculture, which afforded them an escape from their hardcore reality, pain and struggle persisted.There are many similarities, which can be drawn from the experiences of slavery as described by Frederick Douglass and the analogy to a Nazi prison camp included in the Stanley Likens Thesis. Likens asserted that slavery in the United States was similar to the conditions f a Nazi concentration camp because both exerted total physical and psychological control over its subordinates. In both cases, the subordinates were not allowed any personal freedoms, which included education, leisure, or any other personal allowance.Thomas Laud, the master of Frederick Douglass in Baltimore, said A Niger should know nothing but to obey his master-to do as he is told to do. (peg. 57) He was referring to the wrongfulness of his wifes attempt to educate Frederick Douglass. Implicitly, this was the view held by most whites toward African Americans. Consequently, other adjectives such as: lazy, irresponsible, childlike, and simple-minded, were used by whites to describe the African American character. These reports coincide with observations made by Frederick Douglass referring to the attitude whites possessed toward African Americans. Of course the main goal, as seen by Likens, and Douglass, of the whites was to suppress any notion of African American individuality. Furthermore, it stole the African American sense of independence and created the false image of black childlike dependence on their white masters. That combined with the fact that most African Americans were born into slavery disallowed them any experience Of freedom or of Africa by which they may make comparisons to their situation of total bondage.Again, this takes us back to the problem to what extent African Americans were able to retain a sense of individuality and worth. If Likens postulation is correct, it would be hard to believe that any identity at all could be retained under such harsh conditions. However, in the accounts of Frederick Douglass and other slaves it is obvious that there was indeed evidence of individuality, which included the religious subculture developed y African Americans, and the fact that Frederick Douglass as well as ot her slaves had escaped or aspired to escape the perils of slavery.Therefore, I would assert that it was merely the fact that whites so desperately tried to keep blacks from achieving the freedom enjoyed by whites, which served as the example by which blacks were able to derive their notion of equality. After all, it was written in the Declaration of Independence and the Bible that humans were created equally and had the right to pursue happiness. The notion of human equality existed in theory but not in practice; whites had it, slaves wanted it.I would also argue that African Americans knew this and that is how an African American subculture and any other evidence of individuality developed and afforded them the notion of equality. Hence, these developments arose out Of the African Americans need to survive psychologically. By the time of the movement toward abolition had developed, there was an obvious schism of opinion about slavery, which had developed between abolitionist whites, slaves and white slaveholders. People like Frederick Douglass who preached abolition of slavery, only had to nurture the already existing spirit within slaves to strive for freedom.